Preoperative assessment is the systematic evaluation of a patient's health status conducted prior to a planned surgical or procedural intervention. This process aims to identify potential risks, optimize the patient's medical condition, and facilitate personalized perioperative care planning. As an academic concept and area of research, it investigates the methodologies, tools, and strategies employed in this evaluation, focusing on their efficacy in risk stratification, outcome prediction, and the optimization of patient safety and resource utilization in surgical care.